A Learning for Gifted and Talented Students in Islamic Education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24036/kjie.v9i2.399Keywords:
DIQCEE, potential optimization, gifted and talented students, differentiation, superior abilitiesAbstract
The research aims to analyze suitable learning approaches for gifted and talented students at school. A qualitative method with a "single-case embedded design (multiple units of analysis)" was used for this study. Data were collected from 10 informants, including 3 management team members, 3 experienced teachers, and 4 students enrolled in the exemplary education program. Data analysis was conducted thematically using the interactive model by Miles & Huberman, assisted by Nvivo 12 software. The results indicate six learning strategies i) depth and critical learning, ii) innovation learning, iii) question critical issue, iv) competition learning, v) exploration learning, and vi) experience learning. The findings suggest that learning for gifted and talented students should provide opportunities and freedom for exploration to maximize their potential independently, supported by creative and innovative teacher guidance. Therefore, it is crucial to develop specific learning approaches that consider the characteristics of gifted and talented students. Additionally, teachers must continually enhance their skills to support learning that meets the needs of these students. School, parents, and the community must collaborate to create a learning environment that maximizes the potential of gifted and talented students.
References
Abd Aziz, I. (2025). Empowering Academically Gifted Children: Designing an Accelerated Approach for Engagement, Connection and Knowledge Enhancement.
Aini, N. R., Syafril, S., Netriwati, N., Pahrudin, A., Rahayu, T., & Puspasari, V. (2019). Problem-Based Learning for Critical Thinking Skills in Mathematics. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1155(1), 12026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1155/1/012026
Al-Hamdan, N. S., Al-Jasim, F. A., & Abdulla, A. M. (2017). Assessing the Emotional Intelligence of Gifted and Talented Adolescent Students in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Roeper Review, 39(2), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2017.1289462
Alamer, S. M., Phillipson, S. N., Phillipson, S., & Al Fafi, A. I. (2023). The Saudi gifted educational and learning environment: Parents and student perspectives. High Ability Studies, 34(1), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2022.2072273
Almukhambetova, A., & Hernández-Torrano, D. (2020). Gifted Students’ Adjustment and Underachievement in University: An Exploration From the Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Gifted Child Quarterly, 64(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986220905525
Anuruthwong, U. (2017). Education for the gifted/talented in Thailand. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1332825. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1332825
Assouline, S. G., Nicpon, M. F., & Whiteman, C. (2010). Cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of gifted students with written language disability. Gifted Child Quarterly, 54(2), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986209355974
Ballam, N., & Moltzen, R. (2017). Introduction to giftedness and talent: Australasian perspectives. In Giftedness and Talent: Australasian Perspectives (pp. 1–5). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6701-3_1
Barnard-Brak, L., Johnsen, S. K., Pond Hannig, A., & Wei, T. (2015). The Incidence of Potentially Gifted Students Within a Special Education Population. Roeper Review, 37(2), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2015.1008661
Barton, J. M., & Starnes, W. T. (1989). Identifying distinguishing characteristics of gifted and talented/learning disabled students. Roeper Review, 12(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783198909553226
Ben Artzey, N., & Qadach, M. (2024). Strategies that parents of gifted children use in tense situations with teachers in mixed-ability classes. Gifted and Talented International, 39(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2024.2329819
Betsy McCoach, D., & Siegle, D. (2007). What predicts teachers’ attitudes toward the gifted? Gifted Child Quarterly, 51(3), 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986207302719
Bin, P., Zhu, C., Shi, Y., Ahn, T. U., & Hu, R. (2021). Gender Difference in Entrepreneurial Intentions: A New Perspective from College Students to Facilitate Teacher Leadership in Entrepreneurial Education. Chinese Education and Society, 54(5–6), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611932.2021.1990630
Bracken, B. A., & Brown, E. F. (2006). Behavioral identification and assessment of gifted and talented students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24(2), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282905285246
Bryman. (2016). Social Research Methods. In Social Research Methods. Oxford university press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209939
Can, I., & Inel Ekici, D. (2024). Science learning through problems in gifted and talented education: reflection and conceptual learning. Educational Studies, 50(5), 616–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2021.1987860
Chamberlin, M. T., & Chamberlin, S. A. (2010). Enhancing preservice teacher development: Field experiences with gifted students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 33(3), 381–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235321003300305
Chan, D. W. (2001). Characteristics and competencies of teachers of gifted learners: The hong kong teacher perspective. Roeper Review, 23(4), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190109554098
Clark, B. (2021). No Child Is Just Born Gifted: Creating and Developing Unlimited Potential. In Parenting Gifted Children (pp. 4–11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003237020-2
Creswell, J. W. (2018). Mixed methods procedures. In Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Aproaches.
Cross, T. L. (1997). Psychological and social aspects of educating gifted students. Peabody Journal of Education, 72(3–4), 180–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.1997.9681873
Deur, P. Van. (2011). Views of Gifted Elementary Students about Self-Directed Learning. Gifted and Talented International, 26(1–2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2011.11673595
Eguchi, A. (2016). Integrating educational robotics to enhance learning for gifted and talented students. In Cases on Instructional Technology in Gifted and Talented Education (pp. 54–90). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6489-0.ch004
Eker, A. (2022). Competition Skills and Challenge Level Scale (CCS) in gifted and talented education: development, validity and reliability. Journal of Gifted Education and Creativity, 9(1), 75–84.
Engkizar, E., Sarianti, Y., Namira, S., Budiman, S., Susanti, H., & Albizar, A. (2022). Five Methods of Quran Memorization in Tahfidz House of Fastabiqul Khairat Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic Studies Higher Education, 1(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.24036/insight.v1i1.27
Feldhusen, J. F. (1986). A conception of giftedness. Identifying and nurturing the gifted. An International Perspective, 33–39.
Feuchter, M. D., & Preckel, F. (2022). Reducing Boredom in Gifted Education—Evaluating the Effects of Full-Time Ability Grouping. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1477–1493. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000694
Foley-Nicpon, M., & Assouline, S. G. (2010). Atendiendo a las necesidades de estudiantes talentosos con trastornos del espectro de autismo: Aproximaciones diagnÓsticas, terapÉuticas y psicoeducativas. Psicoperspectivas, 9(2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.5027/PSICOPERSPECTIVAS-VOL9-ISSUE2-FULLTEXT-87
Folsom, C. (2005). Making conceptual connections between gifted and general education: Teaching for intellectual and emotional learning (tiel). Roeper Review, 28(2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190609554342
Gallagher, S. A. (2021). Adapting Problem-Based Learning for Gifted Students. In Methods and Materials for teaching the gifted (pp. 413–443). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003236603-17
Gallagher, S. A., Stepien, W. J., & Rosenthal, H. (1992). The Effects of Problem-Based Learning On Problem Solving. Gifted Child Quarterly, 36(4), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698629203600405
Ghoris, T. (2016). Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction [Book Review]. In Qualitative Research Journal (Vol. 6, Issue 2, p. [203]-204). https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0602203
Gibney, T. (1982). The gifted as problem solvers in elementary schools. Roeper Review, 4(4), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783198209552622
Glass, T. F. (2004). What Gift?: The Reality of the Student Who is Gifted and Talented in Public School Classrooms. Gifted Child Today, 27(4), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.4219/gct-2004-152
Guslianto, G., Pasaleron, R., Burhanuddin, B., Rahman, I., & Oktavia, G. (2024). Analysis of Teachers’ Problems in Learning the Quran. Al-Kayyis: Journal of Islamic Education, 2(2), 68–76. https://ojs.stai-bls.ac.id/index.php/ajie/article/view/237
Hammer, D., & Wildavsky, A. (2018). The open-ended, semistructured interview: An (almost) operational guide. In Craftways (pp. 57–101). Routledge.
Harreveld, B., Danaher, M., Lawson, C., Knight, B. A., & Busch, G. (2016). Constructing methodology for qualitative research : researching education and social practices. Springer.
Hava, K., Guyer, T., & Cakir, H. (2020). Gifted students’ learning experiences in systematic game development process in after-school activities. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(3), 1439–1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09750-z
Hoover, S. M. (1994). Scientific problem finding in gifted fifth-grade students. Roeper Review, 16(3), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199409553563
Houghton, C., Casey, D., & Smyth, S. (2017). Selection, collection and analysis as sources of evidence in case study research. Nurse Researcher, 24(4), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2017.e1482
Ibrahim, M., & Kusuma, A. E. (2020). The effect of collaborative based science learning model on enhancing students’ critical thinking skills and responsibility. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1422(1), 12026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1422/1/012026
Ishak, N. M., Abidin, M. H. Z., & Bakar, A. Y. A. (2014). Dimensions of Social Skills and their Relationship with Empathy among Gifted and Talented Students in Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 750–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.292
Ismail, S. A. A., Alghawi, M. A., AlSuwaidi, K. A., & Ziegler, A. (2022). Gifted education in Arab countries: analyses from a learning-resource perspective. Cogent Education, 9(1), 2115620. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2115620
Jackson, R. L., Drummond, D. K., & Camara, S. (2007). What is qualitative research? Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 8(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430701617879
Johnsen, S. K. (2021). Definitions, Models, and Characteristics of Gifted Students. In Identifying Gifted Students (pp. 1–32). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003235682-1
Johnsen, S. K. (2025). Centers for Gifted Education. Gifted Child Today, 48(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/10762175241289857
Kardoyo, Nurkhin, A., Muhsin, & Pramusinto, H. (2020). Problem-based learning strategy: Its impact on students’ critical and creative thinking skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(3), 1141–1150. https://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.9.3.1141
Kaya, O. S., & Ercag, E. (2023). The impact of applying challenge-based gamification program on students’ learning outcomes: Academic achievement, motivation and flow. Education and Information Technologies, 28(8), 10053–10078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11585-z
Kettler, T. (2014). Critical Thinking Skills Among Elementary School Students: Comparing Identified Gifted and General Education Student Performance. Gifted Child Quarterly, 58(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986214522508
Laine, S., & Tirri, K. (2016). How Finnish elementary school teachers meet the needs of their gifted students. High Ability Studies, 27(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2015.1108185
Lavery, T. G. (2021). Primary Masterclass Maths. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (II, Vol. 172, pp. 159–168). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63702-6_12
Lenvik, A., Jones, L. Ø., & Hesjedal, E. (2023). Adapted Education for Gifted Students in Norway: A Mixed Methods Study. Education Sciences, 13(8), 774. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13080774
Lockhart, K., Meyer, M. S., & Crutchfield, K. (2022). A Content Analysis of Selected State Plans for Gifted and Talented Education. Journal of Advanced Academics, 33(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X211026240
Mackiewicz, J. (2018). A Mixed-Method Approach. In Writing Center Talk over Time (pp. 37–60). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429469237-3
Mandeville, C., Edwards, F., Rice, P., & González, M. A. G. (2024). Innovating Interdisciplinarity in Higher Education: Exploring the Impact of a Grassroots Community of Practice. Teaching and Learning Inquiry, 12. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.12.11
Manning, S. (2006). Recognizing Gifted Students: A Practical Guide for Teachers. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 42(2), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00228958.2006.10516435
Mather, L. (2021). What is a “case”? In Onati Socio-Legal Series (Vol. 11, Issue 2). Academy of Business Halmstad University. https://doi.org/10.35295/OSLS.IISL/0000-0000-0000-1149
McLafferty, I. (2004). Focus group interviews as a data collecting strategy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03186.x
Mizukoshi, K. (2023). Case Study Research and Applications. In Japan Marketing Journal (Vol. 43, Issue 2). Sage. https://doi.org/10.7222/marketing.2023.045
Morris, J., Slater, E., Fitzgerald, M. T., Lummis, G. W., & van Etten, E. (2021). Using Local Rural Knowledge to Enhance STEM Learning for Gifted and Talented Students in Australia. Research in Science Education, 51(Suppl 1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-019-9823-2
Nicholas, M., Skourdoumbis, A., & Bradbury, O. (2024). Meeting the Needs and Potentials of High-Ability, High-Performing, and Gifted Students via Differentiation. Gifted Child Quarterly, 68(2), 154–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/00169862231222225
Oktavia, G., Febriani, A., Asril, Z., & Syafril, S. (2024). Analysis of Quran Memorization Methods : Academically Talented Students. Journal of Theory and Research Memorization Quran, 1(1), 40–50.
Ozcan, D., & Kotek, A. (2015). What do the Teachers Think about Gifted Students? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 190, 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.05.044
Papadopoulos, D. (2020). Effects of a social-emotional learning-based program on self-esteem and self-perception of gifted kindergarten students: A pilot study. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(3), 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.17478/JEGYS.779438
Passow, A. H. (1986). Curriculum for the Gifted and Talented at the Secondary Level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30(4), 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698628603000409
Perez, G. S. (1980). Perceptions of the young gifted child. Roeper Review, 3(2), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783198009552508
Persson, R. S. (2010). Experiences of intellectually gifted students in an egalitarian and inclusive educational system: A survey study. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 33(4), 536–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235321003300405
Pfost, M., Becker, S., & Artelt, C. (2024). Competence, Motivation and Interest Development Between Primary School and Tertiary Education—a Summary of Findings from the BiKS-8-18 Study. In Educational Processes, Decisions, and the Development of Competencies from Early Preschool Age to Adolescence: Findings from the BiKS Cohort Panel Studies (pp. 245–262). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43414-4_9
Phelps, V. A. (2022). Motivating Gifted Adolescents Through the Power of PIE: Preparedness, Innovation, and Effort. Roeper Review, 44(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2021.2005204
Pinxten, W. L. F. van, Derksen, J. J. L., & Peters, W. A. M. (2023). The Psychological World of Highly Gifted Young Adults: a Follow-up Study. Trends in Psychology, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-023-00313-8
Rachmaningtyas, N. A., Kartowagiran, B., & Sugiman, S. (2023). The importance of honing elementary school students’ mathematical talents from an early age. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 13(3), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.03.07
Rahmania, N., & Rohmah, B. N. (2024). Strategies for Nurturing Talented and Achieving Students through the Got Talent Program. EDUCATIO : Journal of Education, 9(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.29138/educatio.v9i3.1417
Reis, S. M., & McCoach, D. B. (2002). Underachievement in Gifted and Talented Students With Special Needs. Exceptionality, 10(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327035ex1002_5
Renzulli, J. S. (2018). A practical system for identifying gifted and talented students. In Early Child Development and Care (Vol. 63, Issue 1, pp. 9–18). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443900630103
Rott, D., Kohnen, M., & Fischer, C. (2024). The importance of promoting critical thinking in schools: Examples from Germany. Gifted Education International, 40(2), 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/02614294241251577
Sabancı, O., & Bulut, S. S. (2018). The Recognition and Behavior Management of Students With Talented and Gifted in an Inclusive Education Environment. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(6), 157. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i6.3068
Samsen-Bronsveld, H. E., Bakx, A. W. E. A., Bogaerts, S., & Van der Ven, S. H. G. (2024). A Comparison of Gifted Children and Children With Low, Average, and Above-Average Cognitive Abilities in Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the Primary School Context. Gifted Child Quarterly, 68(3), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/00169862241239652
Sari, S. M., Syafril, S., & Ishak, N. M. (2024). Learning Style Analysis of Gifted and Talented Children. KINDERGARTEN: Journal of Islamic Early Childhood Education, 7(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.24014/kjiece.v7i1.29428
Sayler, M. F. (2021). Special Schools for the Gifted and Talented. In The Handbook of Secondary Gifted Education (pp. 443–463). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003238829-21
Shavinina, L. (2020). From the Psychology of Giftedness to Changing the. Scientific Inquiry into Human Potential: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Across Disciplines, 105.
Shirazizadeh, M. (2018). Seyyed-Abdolhamid Mirhosseini (ed.): Reflections on Qualitative Research in Language and Literacy Education. In S. A. Mirhosseini (Ed.), Applied Linguistics (Vol. 39, Issue 5). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx049
Siegle, D. (2015). Using QR Codes to Differentiate Learning for Gifted and Talented Students. Gifted Child Today, 38(1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076217514556534
Sihotang, R. O., Kusnandi, & Hutagalung, E. E. (2020). Metacognition skills of the gifted and talented students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1521(3), 32017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1521/3/032017
Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (2006). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 43, Issue 12). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.43sup-0452
Song, J. F., Li, S. Z., Zhou, R. S., Shao, J., Qiu, X. M., Jia, Y. Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, X. (2016). Three novel Cu6S6 cluster-based coordination compounds: Synthesis, framework modulation and the sensing of small molecules and Fe3+ ions. Dalton Transactions, 45(29), 11883–11891. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6dt02264b
Spradley, J. P. (2016). Participant Observation. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography: Volume 1-12 (Vols. 1–12). Waveland Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00489-2
Swan, B., Coulombe-Quach, X. L., Huang, A., Godek, J., Becker, D., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Meeting the Needs of Gifted and Talented Students: Case Study of a Virtual Learning Lab in a Rural Middle School. Journal of Advanced Academics, 26(4), 294–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X15603366
Syafril, S., Yaumas, N. E., Ishak, N. M., Yusof, R., Jaafar, A., Yunus, M. M., & Sugiharta, I. (2020). Characteristics and educational needs of gifted y
oung scientists: A focus group study. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(2), 947–954. https://doi.org/10.17478/JEGYS.691713
Taber, K., Sumida, M., & Mcclue, L. (2017). Teaching Gifted Learners in STEM Subjects. In Teaching Gifted Learners in STEM Subjects. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315697147
Tatarinceva, A. M., Sergeeva, M. G., Dmitrichenkova, S. V., Chauzova, V. A., Andryushchenko, I. S., & Shaleeva, E. F. (2018). Lifelong learning of gifted and talented students. Espacios, 39(2), 29.
Thomson, D. L. (2010). Beyond the Classroom Walls: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives on How Online Learning Can Meet the Needs of Gifted Students. Journal of Advanced Academics, 21(4), 662–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X1002100405
Tirri, K., & Kuusisto, E. (2013). How Finland serves gifted and talented pupils. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 36(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162353212468066
Tortop, H. S. (2014). Gifted students’ views about first stage of the education program for the gifted students’ bridge with university (EPGBU). Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.14949
VanTassel-Baska, J. (2018). American Policy in Gifted Education. Gifted Child Today, 41(2), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076217517753020
VanTassel-Baska, J., & Brown, E. F. (2021). An Analysis of Gifted Education Curriculum Models. Methods and Materials for Teaching the Gifted, 107–138. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003236603-7
Vidergor, H. E., & Harris, C. R. (2015). Applied Practice for Educators of Gifted and Able Learners. In H. E. Vidergor & C. R. Harris (Eds.), Applied Practice for Educators of Gifted and Able Learners. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-004-8
Waldren, J. (2003). World Class Arena: Providing an International Perspective on Assessing Gifted and Talented Students. Gifted Education International, 17(2), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/026142940301700206
Waldrop, P. B. (2018). A structure for affective education for young gifted children. In Early Child Development and Care (Vol. 63, Issue 1, pp. 119–129). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443900630115
Watters, J. J. (2010). Career decision making among gifted students: The mediation of teachers. Gifted Child Quarterly, 54(3), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986210369255
Wechsler, S. M., & Fleith, D. de S. (2017). The scenario of gifted education in Brazil. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1332812. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2017.1332812
Yusof, N. H. (2020). Kaedah Pintar Murajaah Al-Qur`an: Kajian Di Institusi Pengajian Tahfiz Malaysia. Tamaddun, 21(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.30587/tamaddun.v21i2.2118
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulzhaina K. Kassymova, Mustafa Tevfik Hebebci, Mutathahirin Mutathahirin, Yerassyl K. Talgatov

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.